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Art in Slovenia

Biedermeier and Romanticism

Anton Karinger

(Ljubljana, 1829–1870)

The Bay of Kotor
1861, oil, canvas, 60 x 73 cm
signed and dated lower left: Karinger / 1861

NG S 141, National Gallery of Slovenia, Ljubljana
Karinger enjoyed the view of the strategic bay, once the domain of the Republic of Venice, as a soldier. He served in the Carniolan 17th Infantry Regiment in Montenegro between 1854 and 1857 and made numerous sketches and watercolours which he later turned into oils. The magnificent view of the bay, surrounded by the massifs of the Dinaric Alps, staffage figures dressed in traditional costumes, five of them lower left, and the fortification (in the town and on the hill) demonstrate primordiality which, however, is already contaminated by the modern, Austrian era – there is a steamship on its way from the harbour where sailing boats are moored.

The artist conceived the Montenegrin landscape in a romantic way – he further enhanced the dramatic topography by pointing the peaks and rocks, he shaded the very steep parts because of the morning light from the east, and his staffage figures hint at the rustical character of the local inhabitants.


Biedermeier and Romanticism
Heavily censored public life between the Congress of Vienna and the Spring of Nations in 1848, weakened Church patronage, and the ascending middle class marked the era when life focused on the privacy of the family circle, individual dignity and the sense of belonging; this is expressed in the Central European art as the style of Biedermeier which coexisted with a Romantic view of nature. 

Portraiture was the genre of painting that saw its heyday in this era. Matevž Langus, Jožef Tominc, Mihael Stroj and Anton Karinger established themselves as individually formed portraitists who demonstrated their self-confidence as artists also through their self-portraits. The painters initially relied on formal characteristics of Neoclassicism. Stroj’s late portraits and particularly those by Karinger abandoned the Biedermeier manner and adopted a more realistic approach. 

Interest in landscape first appeared as the background of portraits; towards the mid-century first autonomous city vedute emerged. The Biedermaier landscape is idyllic, descriptive, and furnished with staffage figures. Painters were attracted by tourist destinations and locations that were related to homeland identity: Mt. Triglav, Lake Bohinj, Bled. Anton Karinger and Marko Pernhart established themselves as explicit landscapists. The latter became famous for his multi-part panoramas from mountain peaks. 

Still lifes became an attractive decoration of a middle-class home, and they also found favour with amateur women painters, one of whom was Countess Maria Auersperg Attems.