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Art in Slovenia

Biedermeier and Romanticism

Anton Karinger

(Ljubljana, 1829–1870)

Woods
(1869), oil, pasteboard, 27,5 x 35,5 cm

NG S 2021, National Gallery of Slovenia, Ljubljana
The painting technique, if compared to the The Oaks in Mestni log (NG S 127), is more spontaneous, but well-considered in terms of composition – the line of the tree-tops approximately corresponds to the one formed by the mountains and the clouds. The forest path on the right is a kind of a repoussoir, while on the green surfaces there is a play of green and dark tones which flatten the image in the modernistic manner. The work was most likely created in front of the natural motive, accounting for the smaller format as well as pasteboard as the support.

Karinger painted this landscape in the last years of his life, when he was active in the organization of exhibitions in Ljubljana of the branch establishment of the Austrian Art Society, travelled a lot, and was retired and financially secured. Relief from existential expectations of the clients and the public is demonstrated in the painter’s work in unexpectedly modern and relaxed style, when formalist questions come to the fore rather than verism and the pleasure of the motif. Karinger’s late plain-air studies thus represent a bridge between the Romantic and Biedermaier landscape painting and realistic research.



Biedermeier and Romanticism
Heavily censored public life between the Congress of Vienna and the Spring of Nations in 1848, weakened Church patronage, and the ascending middle class marked the era when life focused on the privacy of the family circle, individual dignity and the sense of belonging; this is expressed in the Central European art as the style of Biedermeier which coexisted with a Romantic view of nature. 

Portraiture was the genre of painting that saw its heyday in this era. Matevž Langus, Jožef Tominc, Mihael Stroj and Anton Karinger established themselves as individually formed portraitists who demonstrated their self-confidence as artists also through their self-portraits. The painters initially relied on formal characteristics of Neoclassicism. Stroj’s late portraits and particularly those by Karinger abandoned the Biedermeier manner and adopted a more realistic approach. 

Interest in landscape first appeared as the background of portraits; towards the mid-century first autonomous city vedute emerged. The Biedermaier landscape is idyllic, descriptive, and furnished with staffage figures. Painters were attracted by tourist destinations and locations that were related to homeland identity: Mt. Triglav, Lake Bohinj, Bled. Anton Karinger and Marko Pernhart established themselves as explicit landscapists. The latter became famous for his multi-part panoramas from mountain peaks. 

Still lifes became an attractive decoration of a middle-class home, and they also found favour with amateur women painters, one of whom was Countess Maria Auersperg Attems.