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Permanent Collection

Embriachi - 1200–1600

(Embriaci, Ubriachi), -

The Embriachi were carvers from the late 14th century and the first half of the 15th century who were active in Venice, although they probably originated in Genoa.

They produced triptychs, polyptychs, caskets of various sizes, also wedding caskets, frames and combs with handles. The small caskets were wooden. They were inlaid with ivory panels and decorations, sometimes these were also made of horse or cattle bones, mother of pearl or varicoloured wood. The panels and bone ornaments were called alla certosina, in the Carthusian manner. Among the best of these works is the triptych of the Charterhouse in Pavia from the early 15th century which was created by Baldassare (Baldassare di Simone d’Aliotto degli Embriachi).

The Embriachi often used a Florentine lily as the mark of their studio.

The bone relief panels show religious scenes, stories of antiquity, novellas, romances and legends. Iconographically the stories are often based on French and German models, but they were often adapted, also as regards their style, which was Giottoesque, Venetian, Lombard or Paduan.

The works of the Embriachi are to be found in museums in Europe and elsewhere. The altar from the abbey of Poissy, which is today in the Louvre, is one of their best known works.

Lit.: Julius von Schlosser, Die Werkstatt der Embriachi in Venedig, Jahrbuch der kunsthistorischen Sammlungen des allerhöchsten Kaiserhauses, Vol. 20, Wien 1899, pp. 220-282; Luigi Mallé: Smalti-Avori del Museo d Árte Antica, Museo Civico di Torino, Torino 1969; Masterpieces of Ivory from the Walters Art Gallery, New York-Baltimore 1985 (Richard H. Randall et al..); Elena Merfini, La "Bottega degli Embriachi" e i cofanetti eburni fra Trecento e Quattrocento: Una proposta di classificazione, Arte Cristiana, 727, LXXVI, Vol. 7-8, 1988, pp. 267-282; Elena Merlini, I trittici portatili della "Bottega degli Embriachi", Jahrbuch der Berliner Museen, 33, 1991, pp. 47-62; Adolfo Marciano (avtor članka), Ludovico Savioli e gli "avorj dei bassi tempi", Arte a Bologna: Bollettino dei musei civici d'arte antica, 2, Bologna 1992, pp. 187-201.
From the High Middle Ages to the Renaissance
In the High Middle Ages religious art prevailed that spread through the Slovenian lands first from monasteries and then from major regional centres, particularly, Gorizia, Villach and Ljubljana. Gothic art persisted even after the dawn of the Renaissance, but in the 16th century artistic production almost came to a standstill due to Turkish invasions, peasant uprisings and Protestantism which was averse to the fine arts. 

The leading position in Gothic painting belongs to frescoes. The collection presents a few examples of original fragments and several copies which illustrate the most frequent motifs, such as St Christopher, St George, the Procession and the Adoration of the Magi, etc., and a few special motifs, such as Sunday Christ and the Dance of Death. Along with numerous masters with provisional names we also know several artists by name and their idiosyncratic oeuvres, e.g. Johannes Aquila, Johannes de Laybaco, Master Bolfgang. Their production was part of the contemporary art scene in the sub-Alpine space, where from old times onwards stylistic influences of northern and southern countries had been intertwined. 

Numerous medieval sculpture workshops supplied reliefs and statues to churches for their altars. Crucified Christ, Madonna and Child, and Pietà rank among the characteristic religious motifs. The earliest sculptural pieces still demonstrate Romanesque vestiges, but the main body of exhibits are stylistically determined by the Gothic style which in some areas of Carniola, Styria and Carinthia lasted deep into the 16th century. The zenith of Gothic sculpture in Slovenia is represented by the works of the Ptujska gora sculpture workshop represented by The Beautiful Madona and the Pietà from Podsreda. To the period of the so-called late Gothic baroque style around 1500 belong the Virgin with ChildSt Catherine and St Magdalene from Avče, and the extraordinarily expressive Christ Crucified from Dramlje. Renaissance sculpture is represented by plaster casts of the Bishop Ravbar epitaph and two reliefs of St Andrew’s altar from Gornji Grad by Oswald Kittel.