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Art in Slovenia

Biedermeier and Romanticism

Marko Pernhart

(Mieger bei Völkermarkt, 1824 − Klagenfurt, 1871)

Lago di Fusine in Stormy Weather
1852, oil, canvas, 68,5 x 105,5 cm
signed and dated lower left: Pernhart 852

NG S 296, National Gallery of Slovenia, Ljubljana

Landscape as an independent genre in painting became established in Slovene art during the Romantic period in the mid-19th century. General interest in remote and untouched nature prevailed, especially among mountaineers and tourists, and nature also fascinated painters. Painting landscapes meant more of a moody and topographic documentary task for artists, rather than a pure painting challenge.

Marko Pernhart also painted in this sense; he was charmed by the beauty of nature during solitary walks in Carinthia and Carniola, along lakes and rivers, and while climbing mountain peaks. He painted precisely the fairy-tale beauties of a then little-known world, and the painting Lago di Fusine in Stormy Weather is one of his most famous images. The Lago di Fusine is one of the two Laghi di Fusine which lie below Mount Mangart on the tripoint between Italy, Austria, and Slovenia. The lakes were located in Carniola until the end of the First World War, but then this territory belonged to Italy.

The painter achieved a characteristic romantic dramatic atmosphere with a mass of stormy clouds that cover the entire sky, and with the sunbeams that barely penetrate through them, creating reflections on the lake’s surface and shore.

His characteristic smooth application of paint and precise painting achieved the mood of a mighty and uncontrollable nature, emphasizing its eternity with the exposed tree on the right, which defies both weather and time.



Biedermeier and Romanticism
Heavily censored public life between the Congress of Vienna and the Spring of Nations in 1848, weakened Church patronage, and the ascending middle class marked the era when life focused on the privacy of the family circle, individual dignity and the sense of belonging; this is expressed in the Central European art as the style of Biedermeier which coexisted with a Romantic view of nature. 

Portraiture was the genre of painting that saw its heyday in this era. Matevž Langus, Jožef Tominc, Mihael Stroj and Anton Karinger established themselves as individually formed portraitists who demonstrated their self-confidence as artists also through their self-portraits. The painters initially relied on formal characteristics of Neoclassicism. Stroj’s late portraits and particularly those by Karinger abandoned the Biedermeier manner and adopted a more realistic approach. 

Interest in landscape first appeared as the background of portraits; towards the mid-century first autonomous city vedute emerged. The Biedermaier landscape is idyllic, descriptive, and furnished with staffage figures. Painters were attracted by tourist destinations and locations that were related to homeland identity: Mt. Triglav, Lake Bohinj, Bled. Anton Karinger and Marko Pernhart established themselves as explicit landscapists. The latter became famous for his multi-part panoramas from mountain peaks. 

Still lifes became an attractive decoration of a middle-class home, and they also found favour with amateur women painters, one of whom was Countess Maria Auersperg Attems.