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Art in Slovenia

Biedermeier and Romanticism

Anton Karinger

(Ljubljana, 1829–1870)

The River Sava Valley (Bled from Ribno)
1865, oil, canvas, 36,3 x 54,5 cm

NG S 1577, National Gallery of Slovenia, Ljubljana
The painting is of darker hues than the image of Mojstrana and Vrata Valley (NG S 1564). The foreground is again rendered in a more traditional way, but its colour scheme is also used in the pictorial depth, which is created by covering over, the Sava river diagonal, reduction of details, and perspective lessening of individual elements. The painting is composed of two tonal palletes: the valley is painted in green and brown and partly even darker tones, the mountains in the background, including the Bled castle to the far right, in brighter ones. The perspective effect is likewise two-part: the valley seems flat at some points due to dark colour surfaces, whereas in the area of the mountains aerial perspective is used.

Karinger can be ranked as the most progressive landscapist in the Slovene lands before the impressionistic generation (Lovro Janša was primarily active in Vienna). In addition to elaborate romantic vedutes, it is exactly such studies that distinguish him, since the studies engage with modernist ease, in contrast to the cold precision of Marko Pernhart but anticipating the Chinese oil jottings by Ivan Franke some years later.



Biedermeier and Romanticism
Heavily censored public life between the Congress of Vienna and the Spring of Nations in 1848, weakened Church patronage, and the ascending middle class marked the era when life focused on the privacy of the family circle, individual dignity and the sense of belonging; this is expressed in the Central European art as the style of Biedermeier which coexisted with a Romantic view of nature. 

Portraiture was the genre of painting that saw its heyday in this era. Matevž Langus, Jožef Tominc, Mihael Stroj and Anton Karinger established themselves as individually formed portraitists who demonstrated their self-confidence as artists also through their self-portraits. The painters initially relied on formal characteristics of Neoclassicism. Stroj’s late portraits and particularly those by Karinger abandoned the Biedermeier manner and adopted a more realistic approach. 

Interest in landscape first appeared as the background of portraits; towards the mid-century first autonomous city vedute emerged. The Biedermaier landscape is idyllic, descriptive, and furnished with staffage figures. Painters were attracted by tourist destinations and locations that were related to homeland identity: Mt. Triglav, Lake Bohinj, Bled. Anton Karinger and Marko Pernhart established themselves as explicit landscapists. The latter became famous for his multi-part panoramas from mountain peaks. 

Still lifes became an attractive decoration of a middle-class home, and they also found favour with amateur women painters, one of whom was Countess Maria Auersperg Attems.